Unit 2.10

Inviting                                     Accepting / Refusing

I'm going...                                I'd love to          
Would you like to come?           Sure!
Will you come?                         Of course!
do you want to..?                      Why not?
                                                That would be fun

                                                Not really
                                                I'm afraid i can't...
                                                I can't, i have to...
                                                I'm sorry, but...

Unit 2.9

Grammar 2.9
-ed and -ing adjectives

We use -ing adjectives to describe what sth is.
Rugby is thrilling. (What is rugby? Thrilling.)
We used -ed adjectives to describe how we feel.
We were thrilled with the game. (How did we feel? Thrilled.)

QUESTIONS              What do you think about...?
                                    Do you like?
                                    What do you dislike about...?


RESPONSES              Positive
                                    I think it's marvelous / fantastic / interesting / fun / exciting, etc.
                                    Yes, it's thrilling
                                    It makes me feel...

                                     Negative
                                     I think it's terrible / tiring / puzzling / dangerous / exhausting, etc.
                                     No, it's too boring for me
                                     It makes me feel bored / annoyed / embarrased

Unit 2.8

Asking                                       Responding

What do you think of ...?            It looks nice on you.
                                                  It really suits you
Take a look at this ... .                You look good.

How about this ...?                      It doesn't suit/fit you very well.
                                                   I think it's horrible.

Unit 2.7

Grammar 2.7
Possesive case

-Singular nouns + `s Ann's dad
-Plural nouns + 's the children's grandparents
-Irregular plurals + 's the men's car

We add  's to the last noun of a phrase to show common possesion.
Ann and Bob's mom BUT Ann's and Bob's bikes.

STUDY KILLS

Describing pictures
When you describe a picture, give a clear idea of what it shows. Describe the palce, the weather, the people, their clothes, the activities, and their feelings.

Unit 2,6

Grammar 2.6
Some- Any - A lot of - Much - Many

Countable nouns are nouns we can count.                     Uncountable nouns are nouns we cannot count.
an / one apple - Two apples                                            (Some Rice)
                                                                                      (NOT: one rice - two rices)
I eat a lot of berries.                                                      I drink alot of milk.
How many berries do you eat?                                      How much milk do you drink?
                                                                              
Too many (more than needed)
A lot of / lots of                                                             Too much (More than needed)
Some / a few                                                                  A lot of / Lots
Not many / very few                                                      Some / a little
Not any                                                                          Not much / very little
                                                                                        Not any

Unit 2.5

Grammar 2.5
Too - Enough

- too + adjectives / adverb + to-infinitive (negative meaning = more/less than what is needed) The oven is too expensive to buy. (We can't buy it, it's very expensive.)

- adjective / adverb + enough + to-infinitive / noun + enough (positive meaning: as much as wanted / needed) This mixer is easy enough to use. (It's very easy to use. I can use it easily.) We have enough money to buy this iron. (We can afford to buy it.)

Unit 2.4

Grammar 2.4
Used to / Simple Past

- We use used to / simple past for past habits and routines.
He used to play / played football when he was young.

- We use the simple past to talk about an action which happened at a specific time in the past. We can't use used to. They arrived in America in the 18th century.
(NOT: They used to arrive in America)

Unit 2.3

Use the verbs in the correct form to complete the sentences.
- Blow - Travel - Pull - Boil - Fly - Ride

1. Boats moved by wind Blowing into a sail.
2. Horses Pulled coaches.
3. Steam engines Boiled water that moved the trains.
4. When he was young, he used to Ride his bike to school.
5. People Traveled long distances on foot or on horse in the past.
6. He Flew to Paris in a private plane last week.

In the Sentences number 2, 3, 5 and 6, we used the Simple past.
In the sentences number 4, we used the Simple Present
And in the first setence, the remark word is in Present Progressive

Unit 2.2

Grammar 2.2
Simple Past - Simple Present

- We use the simple past for actions which happened at a certain time in the past. The time is stated or implied. They left for America in 1918. {When? in 1918.}

- We use the simple present for repeated actions, permanent states, and habits in the present. They go to school every weekday. (Repeated action)

Unit 2.1

Grammar 2.1
Used to

Affirmative                                                                  Negative
I/You/He, etc. Used to walk to school.                          I/You/He, etc. Didn't use to live in a tall building.

Question/Short answers

Did I/You/He, etc. Use to grow food? Yes, I/You/He, etc., did.  No, I/You/He, etc, Didn't.

We use Used to for past habits and routines.

Grammar 1.10

STUDY SKILLS
Joining ideas.

We use too, both, and, as well to join similar ideas.
Both Sue and Sam want to study at a university. Sue wants to study at a university, Sam wants to study at a university too/as well.

We use whereas, but to join opposing ideas.
Sue wants to live in an appartment, whereas Sam wants to live on a farm.


Asking about future plans              Making predictions
.- Where will you ...?                    I think i'll ...
.- What will ...?                            I don't think ...
.- Will you ...?                              I don't think so. I don't know. Probably not.

Grammar 1.9

Grammar 1.9 
The imperative

We use the imperative to give advice, instructions, or direct orders. Open your mouth
To sound more polite, we can use please.
Sit Down, please.

REMEMBER! We use don't + base form of the verb to make a negative imperative.
Don't touch these wires.

We can use the imperative in the main clause in conditional type 1 to give advice or instructions.
If you burn tour tongue while drinking tea, put some salt on it.

Grammar 1.8

Grammar 1.8 
Intentions & arrangements

He's playing mtennis later.
He's going to buy a new raket.

Asking                                                              Replying
.- What's the weather like?                              It's warm and sunny
.- It's a lovely day today!                                 It certainly/sure is
.- It's really cold, isn't it?                                  I don't think so
.- It's so hot, isn't it?                                        Defnitley
.- It's too windy today, isn't it?

Grammar 1.7

Grammar 1.7

1 be dark / it close the drapes
If it's dark, it will close the drapes

2 a person enter a room / lights switch on automatically
If a person enter a room, the lights will switch on automatically

3 temperature drop to 59ºF / it turn up heating
If the temperature drop to 59ºF, it will turn up heating

4 you clap twice / TV turn on
If you clap twice, TV will turn on

5 fridge run out of food / it order supplies from supermarket
If the fridge run out of food, it will order supplies from supermarket.

6 someone break in / it inform you on your mobile.
If someone break in, it will inform you on your mobile.

Grammar 1.6

Grammar 1.6
Simple present - Present progressive

.- for habits/routines: He works in a zoo. He gets up at 6 and feeds the animals
.- for timetables: The zoo opens at 9 pm
.-for permanent states & facts: James has blue eyes. Cows eat grass.

Time expressions: everyday, on Tuesdays, often, etc.

Present Progressive:
.- for actions happening now/around the time of speaking: Tina is feeding the animals now. She is working hard these days.
.- temporary situations: Tina is working in a zoo for the summer.

Time expressions: now, at the moment, at present, etc.

NOTE: Some verbs don't have progressive forms bacause they describe a state rather than an action (appear, believe, want, like, hate, know, seem, etc.)
I want to adopt an animal (NOT. I'm wanting...)

Grammar 1.5

Grammar 1.5
     Will

We use will for:
.- On-the spot decisions: I'm tired. I'll take a nap.
.- Predictions based on what we know: You'll lose weight with thgis workout.
.- Promises, offers, threats, hopes: I promise you'll feel better right away

NOTE: After time words (while, before, after, until, when, if, etc.) we don't use will. We use the simple present. I'll call you when i reach Brazil. (NOT: when i will reach) BUT When will he call? (question word)

Grammar 1.4

Grammar 1.4
Conditional type 1

If + Simple present -----> will + base from of a main verb.
If we keep cutting down trees, animals will lose their habitat.

Use: to talk about a possible situation in the present or future.
Animals will lose their habitat if we keep cutting down trees.

NOTE: Unless = If not

Compare the examples
Unless we stop cutting down trees, animals will lose their habitats.
If we don't stop cutting down trees...

Grammar 1.3

EVERYDAY ENGLISH
Expressing anoyance

Expressing anoyance                                             Agreeing/Disagreeing
.- It (really) anoys me when ...                              .- I know how you feel.
  
.- It frustrates me when ...                                     .- Me, too.

.- I hate ...                                                             .- You can't be serious!

.- I can't stand ...                                                    .- Really? I don't mind it at all.

Grammar 1.3
Conditional type 0 exercise:

1. If Laura goes (go) to bed late, she wakes up in a bad mood
2. If my baby niece not eats (not/eat) every three hours, she cries.
3. If Sarah takes (take) a bath in the evening, she feels relaxed afterhours.
4. If people laughs (laugh) at me, i feel embarrased.
5. If people coughs (cough) without covering their mouths, it disgusts me.
6. If Lisa meets (meet) new people, she is usually quiet and shy.
7. If i stand (stand) in a long line, i get bothered very quickly.
8. If i work (work) out, i sleep very well.

WRITTING
 Example:
If my brother is outside and it starts raining, he gets frustrated.
If my brother goes to bed late, he's in a bad mood the next day.

Grammar 1.2

Grammar 1.2
Simple present

We use the simple present for:
-. Facts:  The sun rises in the east. It doesn't rise in the west.

-. Habites/Rutines:  Astronauts usually sleep 8 hours a day after a 16-hour work day. They take sponge baths daily. Do they exercise regularly? Yes, they do.

-. Timetables: The space museum opens at 9pm every weekday.

Spelling Rules:
.- most verbs + -s: I sleep - He sleeps
.- verbs in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o, + -es: I miss - He misses
.- consonant + -y + ies: I study - He studies
.- vowel +y + -s: I play - He plays

Grammar 1.1

Grammar 1.1
Conditional type 0

IF CLAUSE                                             MAIN CLAUSE
If/When + Simple present                     Simple present
 If when you heat water, it boils.

Use: to express a general truth or a scientific fact. In this type of conditional, we can use when instead of if.
When the if-clause preceds the main clause, we use a comma to separate the two clauses. Compare:

If you heat water, it boils.            Water boils if you heat it.